SATELLITE


                                                            SATELLITE
A Stellite is an objet that moves around a larger objet .
                                         OR
The word “Satellite” refers to machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space.



Now we can understand like this :
 A satellite is a moon , planet or machine that orbits a planet or star . For example, Earth is a satellite because it orbits the sun . Likewise, the moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.
History:
History changed on Oct. 4, 1957,when the Soviet union successful launched “Sputnik I”. The world’s first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm. or 22.8 inches in diameter),weighed only 83.6 or 183.9 pounds and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path.
ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975. It was named after the mathematician Aryabhata.
 In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3 .
Type of satellite : The satellite is described in two main part-

1.          Natural satellite

2.          Artificial satellite

Based on working:
1.  Active
2. Passive
Based on orbit:
·        Communications Satellite
·        Remote Sensing Satellite
·        Navigation Satellite
·        Geocentric Orbit type staellies - LEO, MEO, HEO
·        Global Positioning System (GPS)
·        Geostationary Satellites (GEOs)
·        Drone Satellite
·        Ground Satellite
·        Polar Satellite
·        Nano Satellites, CubeSats and SmallSats
Some important fact about satellite-
1. Sputnik 1 was about the size of a beach ball and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth.
2. Its launch is marked every year by International Space Week from October 4-10, a “celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition”.
3. In the 16th century, the word “satellite” meant “an attendant on a person of importance” ...
4. ...In the 17th century it came to be used for a small planet revolving around a larger one.
5. In 2009 two communications satellites, from the US and Russia, collided. This is the only time two man-made satellites have collided by accident.
6. Geostationary satellites orbit the equator at the speed of the Earth’s rotation so seem not to move.
7. Polar satellites’ orbits pass over the poles so scan the whole Earth as it rotates beneath them.
8. More than 20 satellites make up the Global Positioning System, or GPS, enabling precise positions to be measured at any time.
9. There are now more than 2,500 artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth.
10. In 2012 satellite data showed that there were twice as many emperor penguins in Antarctica than was previously thought.

Components of a Satellite :

Antennas: Satellite antenna systems are used to receive and transmit signals to and from Earth.
Command and Data Handling: The operational heart of a satellite, command and control systems monitor every aspect of the satellite and receive commands from Earth for operation.
Guidance and Stabilization: Sensors monitor the satellite’s position to ensure it remains in the correct orbit and is oriented toward the correct target. If necessary, thrusters and other maneuvers allow a satellite to fine-tune its position and orientation.
                                                        
Housing: Constructed from strong materials that can withstand the harsh space environment.
Power: Most satellites rely on a solar array to convert sunlight into energy.
Thermal Control: Guards satellite equipment against extreme changes in temperature.
Transponders: Uplink and downlink signals arrive and depart at different frequencies. Transponders convert uplinked frequencies to downlink frequencies and then amplify the converted transmission for sending to Earth.

Launching of Satellites :

Satellites stay in space for most of their life time. We know that the environment of weightlessness is present in the space. That’s why satellites don’t require additional strong frames in space. But, those are required during launching process. Because in that process satellite shakes violently, till the satellite has been placed in a proper orbit.
The design of satellites should be compatible with one or more launch vehicles in order to place the satellite in an orbit.
The process of placing the satellite in a proper orbit is known as launching process.
Mainly, there are four stages in launching a satellite.
·      First Stage − The first stage of launch vehicle contains rockets and fuel for lifting the satellite along with launch vehicle from ground.
·      Second Stage − The second stage of launch vehicle contains smaller rockets. These are ignited after completion of first stage. They have their own fuel tanks in order to send the satellite into space.
·      Third Stage − The third (upper) stage of the launch vehicle is connected to the satellite fairing. This fairing is a metal shield, which contains the satellite and it protects the satellite.
·      Fourth Stage − Satellite gets separated from the upper stage of launch vehicle, when it has been reached to out of Earth's atmosphere. Then, the satellite will go to a “transfer orbit”. This orbit sends the satellite higher into space..

Launch vehicle :


launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket-propelled vehicle used to carry a payload from Earth's surface to space, usually to Earth orbit or beyond. A launch system includes the launch vehiclelaunch pad, vehicle assembly and fuelling systems, range safety, and other related infrastructure.                                                                                            

 

Launchers of  INDIA ( ISRO) :

 Historic

 Operational

 Future

·        SLV
·        ASLV
·        PSLV
·        GSLV
·        GSLV Mk III
·        Sounding Rockets
·        RLV-TD
·        Scramjet Engine - TD

 



Launchers

·        Sounding Rockets
·        SLV
·        ASLV
·        PSLV
·        GSLV
·        GSLV Mk III
·        RLV-TD
·        Scramjet Engine - TD

Launchers of NASA :

United States:

Comparison of Saturn V, Space Shuttle, three Ares rockets, and SLS Block 1
Atlas rockets
Delta rockets
Falcon rockets
Titan rockets
·        Alpha - Under Development
·        Antares
·        Ares – Canceled
o   Ares I
o   Ares IV
o   Ares V
·        Athena - Retired
o   Athena I
o   Athena II
·        Atlas
o   Atlas B - Retired
o   Atlas D - Retired
o   Atlas-Able - Retired
o   Atlas-Agena - Retired
o   Atlas E/F - Retired
o   Atlas H - Retired
o   Atlas LV-3B - Retired
o   Atlas SLV-3 - Retired
o   Atlas-CentaurRetired
§  Atlas G - Retired
§  Atlas I - Retired
§  Atlas II - Retired
§  Atlas III - Retired
§  Atlas V
·        Conestoga - Retired
·        Electron (Rocket Lab)
·        Minotaur
o   Minotaur I
o   Minotaur IV - Retired
o   Minotaur V
o   Minotaur-C
·        New Glenn - Under Development
·        OmegA - Under Development
·        Pegasus
·        Phantom Express - Canceled
·        Pilot - Retired
·        Redstone - Retired
o   Juno I
o   Sparta
·        Saturn - Retired
o   Saturn I
§  Saturn IB
o   Saturn V
·        Scout - Retired
·        Space Shuttle - Retired
·        Space Launch System - Under Development
·        SpaceX launch vehicles
o   Falcon 1 - Retired
§  Falcon 1e - Canceled
o   Falcon 5 - Canceled
o   Falcon 9
§  Falcon 9 Air - Canceled
§  Falcon 9 v1.0 - Retired
§  Falcon 9 v1.1 - Retired
o   Starship - Under Development
·        Thor - Retired
o   Thor-Able - Retired
o   Thor-Ablestar - Retired
o   Thor-Agena - Retired
§  Thorad-Agena - Retired
o   Thor-Burner - Retired
o   Thor DSV-2U - Retired
o   Delta
§  Thor-Delta - Retired
§  Delta A - Retired
§  Delta B - Retired
§  Delta C - Retired
§  Delta D - Retired
§  Delta E - Retired
§  Delta G - Retired
§  Delta J - Retired
§  Delta L - Retired
§  Delta M - Retired
§  Delta N - Retired
§  Delta 0100 - Retired
§  Delta 1000 - Retired
§  Delta 2000 - Retired
§  Delta 3000 - Retired
§  Delta 4000 - Retired
§  Delta 5000 - Retired
§  Delta II 6000 and 7000 - Retired
§  Delta III - Retired
§  Delta IV - Retired
·        LauncherOne
·        Titan - Retired
o   Titan 23G
o   Titan IIIB
o   Titan III
o   Titan 34D
o   Titan IV
·        Vanguard - Retired
·        Vector-R - Retired
·        Vulcan - Under Development

Launcher of CHINA:

·        Feng Bao 1 - Retired
·        Kaituozhe-1 - Retired
·        Kuaizhou
·        Long March
o   Long March 1 - Retired
§  Long March 2A - Retired
§  Long March 2E - Retired
§  Long March 3 - Retired
§  Long March 3B - Retired
§  Long March 4A - Retired
o   Jielong-1
·        Hyperbola-1
Others country launchers;

Argentina:

·        ORBIT II – Retired
·        TRONADOR – Under Development

Australia:

·        AUSROCK IV – Under Development

Brazil:

·        VLS-1 - Retired
·        VLM – Under Development


Europe :


Ariane 5 -
·        Ariane
o   Ariane 1 - Retired
o   Ariane 2 - Retired
o   Ariane 3 - Retired
o   Ariane 4 - Retired
o   Ariane 5 - Active
o   Ariane 6 - Under development
·        Europa - Retired
·        Hermes - Cancelled
·        Vega - Active
·        Ariane M – proposal only
·        Miura 5 — Under development

 

France:

·        Diamant 

Germany:

OTRAG – Retired


Indonesia:

·        RPS-420 (Pengorbitan-1) – Under Development
·        RPS-550 (Pengorbitan-2) – Under Development

Iran:


Simorgh SLV
·        Safir – Active
·        Simorgh – Active
·        Qased – Active

Iraq:

·        Al Abid - Abandoned in R&D phase

Israel:

·        Shavit

Italy:

·        Vega (jointly with European Space Agency)

Japan:

Mu rockets
H-II series
·        Lambda - Retired
o   L-4S
·        Mu - Retired
o   M-4S 
o   M-3C 
o   M-3H 
o   M-3S 
o   M-3SII 
o   M-V
·        N - Retired
o   N-I
o   N-II
·        H-I - Retired
·        H-II
o   H-II - Retired
o   H-IIA
o   H-IIB - Retired
·        H3 - Under Development
·        J-I - Retired
·        GX - Cancelled
·        Epsilon - Active
·        SS-520 - Active
·        ZERO - Under Development

New Zealand:

·        Electron (Rocket Lab, developed in New Zealand and the United States)

North Korea:

·        Paektusan-1 - Retired
·        Unha-2 - Retired
·        Unha-3

Republic of China (Taiwan):

·        TSLV - Under Development
·        Hapith V - Under Development
·        HTTP-3a - Under Development

Romania:

·        Haas – Under Development

Russia:

Proton-K
Soyuz-FG
Dnepr-1
Angara Family
·        Angara
·        CORONA (SSTO) – Under Development
·        Kosmos - Retired
o   Kosmos-1
o   Kosmos-2I
o   Kosmos-3
o   Kosmos-3M
·        Lin Industrial projects
o   Adler – Under Development
o   Aldan – Under Development
o   Aniva – Under Development
o   Taymyr – Under Development
o   Vyuga – Under Development
·        Buran - Retired
·        N1 - Retired
·        R-7
o   Luna - Retired
o   Molniya - Retired
§  Molniya-M
§  Molniya-L
o   Polyot - Retired
§  Soyuz - Retired
§  Soyuz-L
§  Soyuz-M
§  Soyuz-U - Retired
§  Soyuz-U2
§  Soyuz-FG
§  Soyuz-2
o   Sputnik - Retired
o   Voskhod - Retired
o   Vostok - Retired
·        R-29 derivatives
o   Shtil'
o   Volna
·        Rus-M – Canceled
·        Start-1
·        Universal Rocket
o   UR-100 derived
§  Rokot
§  Strela
o   Proton (UR-500) - Retired
§  Proton-K
§  Proton-M
·        Energia - Retired

South Africa:

·        RSA-3 - Development Retired
·        CHEETAH-1 – Under Development

South Korea:

·        Naro family
o   KSLV-2 (Nuri) – Under Development

Spain:

·        Capricornio - Retired

Turkey:

·        UFS - Under Development

Ukraine:

·        Zenit
o   Zenit 2 - Retired
o   Zenit-2M - Retired
o   Zenit-3SL
o   Zenit 3SLB
o   Zenit-3F - Active
·        R-36 derivatives
o   Dnepr
o   Tsyklon
§  Tsyklon-2 - Retired
§  Tsyklon-3 - Retired
§  Tsyklon-4 – Abandoned
§  Cyclone-4M - Under Development

United Kingdom:

·        Black Arrow - Retired
·        Black Prince - Cancelled
·        Prime - Under Development 
·        Skyrora XL - Under Development 

 

 SpaceX launch vehicles :

·     The Falcon 1

·     Falcon 9 v1.0

·     Falcon 9 v1.1

·      Falcon 9 Full Thrust

·      Falcon 9 Block 5

·      Falcon Heavy

·      Falcon Heavy Block 5

 

 THANKYOU

 

 

 


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