SATELLITE
SATELLITE
A Stellite is an objet that moves around a larger objet .
OR
The word “Satellite” refers to machine that is launched into space and
moves around Earth or another body in space.
Now we can understand like this :
A satellite is a moon ,
planet or machine that orbits a planet or star . For example, Earth is a
satellite because it orbits the sun . Likewise, the moon is a satellite because
it orbits Earth.
History:
History changed on Oct. 4, 1957,when
the Soviet union successful launched “Sputnik I”. The world’s first artificial
satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm. or 22.8 inches in
diameter),weighed only 83.6 or 183.9 pounds and took about 98 minutes to orbit
the Earth on its elliptical path.
ISRO built India's first satellite,
Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975. It was
named after the mathematician Aryabhata.
In 1980, Rohini became
the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch
vehicle, SLV-3 .
1.
Natural satellite
2.
Artificial satellite
Based on
working:
1. Active
2. Passive
Based on orbit:
·
Communications Satellite
·
Remote Sensing Satellite
·
Navigation Satellite
·
Geocentric Orbit type staellies - LEO, MEO, HEO
·
Global Positioning System (GPS)
·
Geostationary Satellites (GEOs)
·
Drone Satellite
·
Ground Satellite
·
Polar Satellite
·
Nano Satellites, CubeSats and SmallSats
Some important fact about
satellite-
1. Sputnik 1 was about the size of a beach ball and took about
98 minutes to orbit the Earth.
2. Its launch is marked every year by International Space Week
from October 4-10, a “celebration of science and technology, and their
contribution to the betterment of the human condition”.
3. In the 16th century, the word “satellite” meant “an attendant
on a person of importance” ...
4. ...In the 17th century it came to be used for a small planet
revolving around a larger one.
5. In 2009 two communications satellites, from the US and
Russia, collided. This is the only time two man-made satellites have collided
by accident.
6. Geostationary satellites orbit the equator at the speed of
the Earth’s rotation so seem not to move.
7. Polar satellites’ orbits pass over the poles so scan the
whole Earth as it rotates beneath them.
8. More than 20 satellites make up the Global Positioning
System, or GPS, enabling precise positions to be measured at any time.
9. There are now more than 2,500 artificial satellites in orbit
around the Earth.
10. In 2012 satellite data showed that there were twice as many
emperor penguins in Antarctica than was previously thought.
Components of a Satellite :
Antennas: Satellite antenna systems are used to receive
and transmit signals to and from Earth.
Command and
Data Handling: The
operational heart of a satellite, command and control systems monitor every
aspect of the satellite and receive commands from Earth for operation.
Guidance and
Stabilization: Sensors
monitor the satellite’s position to ensure it remains in the correct orbit and
is oriented toward the correct target. If necessary, thrusters and other
maneuvers allow a satellite to fine-tune its position and orientation.
Housing: Constructed from strong materials that can
withstand the harsh space environment.
Power: Most satellites rely on a solar array to convert
sunlight into energy.
Thermal
Control: Guards satellite
equipment against extreme changes in temperature.
Transponders: Uplink and downlink signals arrive and depart at
different frequencies. Transponders convert uplinked frequencies to downlink
frequencies and then amplify the converted transmission for sending to Earth.
Launching of Satellites :
Satellites stay in space for most of their life time. We know that
the environment of weightlessness is present in the space. That’s why
satellites don’t require additional strong frames in space. But, those are
required during launching process. Because in that process satellite shakes
violently, till the satellite has been placed in a proper orbit.
The design of satellites should be compatible
with one or more launch vehicles in order to place the satellite in an orbit.
The process of placing the satellite in a proper
orbit is known as launching process.
Mainly, there are four stages in launching a
satellite.
· First
Stage − The first stage of launch vehicle contains rockets and
fuel for lifting the satellite along with launch vehicle from ground.
· Second
Stage − The second stage of launch vehicle contains smaller
rockets. These are ignited after completion of first stage. They have their own
fuel tanks in order to send the satellite into space.
· Third
Stage − The third (upper) stage of the launch vehicle is connected
to the satellite fairing. This fairing is a metal shield, which contains the
satellite and it protects the satellite.
· Fourth
Stage − Satellite gets separated from the upper stage of launch
vehicle, when it has been reached to out of Earth's atmosphere. Then, the
satellite will go to a “transfer orbit”. This orbit sends the satellite higher
into space..
Launch vehicle :
A launch
vehicle or
carrier rocket is a rocket-propelled vehicle used to carry
a payload from Earth's surface to space, usually to Earth orbit or beyond.
A launch system includes the launch
vehicle, launch pad, vehicle assembly and
fuelling systems, range safety, and other related infrastructure.
Launchers of INDIA ( ISRO) :
Historic
|
Operational
|
Future
|
Launchers
Launchers of NASA :
United States:
Comparison
of Saturn V, Space Shuttle, three Ares rockets, and SLS Block 1
Atlas
rockets
Delta
rockets
Falcon
rockets
Titan
rockets
Launcher of CHINA:
Others country
launchers;
Argentina:
Australia:
Brazil:
Europe :
Ariane
5 -
·
Ariane M – proposal only
France:
Germany:
OTRAG – Retired
Indonesia:
Iran:
Simorgh
SLV
Iraq:
Israel:
Italy:
Japan:
Mu
rockets
H-II
series
New Zealand:
North Korea:
Republic of China (Taiwan):
Romania:
Russia:
Proton-K
Soyuz-FG
Dnepr-1
Angara
Family
·
Lin Industrial projects
o Adler
– Under Development
o Aldan
– Under Development
o Aniva
– Under Development
o Taymyr
– Under Development
o Vyuga
– Under Development
·
R-29 derivatives
o UR-100
derived
South Africa:
South Korea:
·
Naro family
Spain:
Turkey:
Ukraine:
·
R-36 derivatives
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